Tonality: wether a piece is in a major or minor key, or atonal or modal.
Atonal: does not have a key, messy.
Modal: a system of music used before scales, a from of scale used in traditional folk songs from medieval times.
Minor: sounds unhappy, despressed by use of its minor chords.
Major: sounds happy, energetic through the use of its chords.

Music for voices

Pop ballad: a form of slow love song prevalent in nearly all genres of music. Played slow, accompanied by guitar and piano and usually follows a verse chorus structure.

examples:

Fergire, Big girls dont cry. enrique iglesias, hero.

                                                 Folk Music: usually a strummed guitar accompeniment. sometimes sung accapella. lyrics tend to tell a story, sometimes political.


Madrigal: reached their peak before the baroque period( 1400- 1500) and are non religious (secular).

Concerto

Concerto:
A Concerto is a from of music in which moves in 3 movements, it usually has a solo instrument (a piano, violin, cell or flute) of which i accompanied by an orchestra.

This method of music arose in the Baroque period along side Concerto Grosso...
Concerto Grosso: 
A Concerto Grosso is a form of music like a Concerto soloists are accompanied by an orchestra. However  in a Concerto Grosso it is a group of soloists that are accompanied and the musical material is passed between them and the orchestra.

20th century music

Minimalism Electronic music Electronic music serialism: Serialism is a technique used to compose music that uses sets to describe musical elements. 12 tone row technique uses a chromatic scale, (which is all of the notes within an octave). Puts the 12 notes in the chromatic scale in an order and can only be used once. Then the 12 notes are played backwards, inverted prime order. Then the notes are then played in a retrrograde order. Which is The same semi tone difference but played at different points on the piano. Composers: Berg Schoenberg Atonal music Aleatoric music

The romantic period (1850-1920)
 Virtuoso: A performer that excels in technical ability. Liszt was a master composer and piano player that at his time was composing music that only he could play.

 Dissonance: Clashy sounds which composers needed to form tension within music, this was considered against the rules of classical Music but romantic period composers felt they needed the sound.

 Tone poems: Taking a beautiful picture and turning that into a musical piece. Programme music: Often from a a price of writing a composer would take into into a piece of music, was an instrumental only price.
 Impressionism: Crates a piece of music to describe feelings but doesn't describe something tangible.

 Romantic symphony: Lasted 20-45 mins. Didn't follow strict rules on how they were supposed to move or sound. Most symphony's had more than 4 movements. Much larger orchestras with more expressive using harmonisation, rhythmic patterns and dynamics. Changes in opera: Lasted very long sometimes 3 hours. Dealt with every form of disaster and gods fighting was theatrical and enormous sounds. Lots of brass instruments.

Here are some examples of romantic period composers:


Here is an example of Schubert:

Classical period

The classical period began during 1750 and lasted until 1810. The classical symphony: The classical symphony was known for its rigid structure harmonic relationships.


 A symphony was split into 3 movements as within a symphony rules were made and had to be stuck to which is what gives us this rigid structure. It is a large orchestral piece.
Movement 1: was written in a sonata allegro form.
Movement 2: was slower and played una different key with a stronger melody line.
Movement 3: was much livelier played in a major key, more light hearted and written in rondo form. Was stylistically ligher than other movements to keep listeners interest.

 Concerto: a piece of music for a solo instrument and orchestra. Diatonic music - music that only uses notes of the key (no clashy sounds).

Even phrases - regular chunks of music, as if separated by commas.

Ground bass- a bass part that recurs over and over whilst the melody voice over it change and vary continuously. It was developed in England in the 16th century and was used extensively in the baroque period. Bass line never Changes.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOA-2hl1Vbc


Continuo- the part that is played by a harpsichord, usually a bass line and a harmony part in one.

 Figured bass- this is a bass line with a figured bass telling the player where to harmonise with figures.

 Concerto Grosso- of music developed in the 18th century involving a small group of instruments and a large group of instruments. these two groups are usually contrasted or sometimes played together.A concerto grosso has several parts that differ in speed and character. There are usually three movements; the first is fast, the second is slow, and the last is fast.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kaNnZFosm8

String Quartet- a string quartet is a chamber music ensemble that has part of it the first and second violins, a viola and a cello. They became popular in the late 1700's.